"Blessed" is one of the oldest wishes a parent can attach to a child, and almost every language has a name for it. Benedict in Latin, Baruch in Hebrew, Mubarak in Arabic, Ngozi in Igbo, Megumi in Japanese.
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A surname records something about a family long gone: where it lived, what it did for a living, who its father was, or what the neighbours called it. Last names that start with A cover all four, from Archer and Arkwright to Ashby and Anderson.
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Parents who waited a long time for a child often want a name that says so. Almost every language has one: Matthew in Hebrew, Theodore in Greek, Bogdan in Slavic, Chinyere in Igbo, Sipho in Zulu. Each means some form of "gift from God" or "given by God".
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Some of the most ordinary names carry the strongest meanings. Richard means "strong ruler", Ethan "firm", Bridget "strength", Gabriel "God is my strength". Parents have wished power on their children in every language.
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Every culture that had kings had names for them, and parents have borrowed those words for their children for thousands of years. Rex, Basil, Malik, Raja, Oba and Ryan all come back to the same idea.
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A middle name does quiet work. It honours a grandparent, smooths the rhythm between first and last name, or carries a meaning the parents wanted close. A names suit the job well: they open on a soft vowel, so they slide in after almost any first name.
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Early Europe was a warrior culture, and it shows in the names it left behind. Louis, Matilda, Harvey, Hilda and Duncan all carry battle in their roots. Other languages do the same with their own words for courage and the fight.
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M holds some of the most common surnames on earth. Miller, Martin, Müller and Martínez all sit near the top of their countries' lists, and Scotland and Ireland add hundreds more through Mac and Mc, "son of".
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